The Norwegian Pearl tied up at Skagway’s Broadway dock in July 2017. Two more cruise ships are moored at the railroad dock in the background. (Photo by Emily Files/KHNS)

The Alaska Tax Division estimates that cruise ship passengers visiting Alaska paid about $21.6 million in state fees this year. The state’s head tax is distributed among port communities that often use the revenue to fund local services. But a federal judge’s ruling could change that.

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Skagway is one of Alaska’s top cruise ship destinations. This year was a record, with 910,176 visitors arriving at the docks according to the municipality.

“I think Wednesdays we had over 11,000 passengers in Skagway, and our year-round population is, I believe, less than a thousand,” Skagway’s Port Commission Chair Tom Cochran said. “To support that impact you’ve got water, sewer, garbage, you’ve got a clinic, you’ve got police and fire, EMS and then just traffic congestion, you name it. It’s pretty intense.”

To help pay for these services, Skagway draws from its share of the state’s $34.50 per passenger fee. The Commercial Passenger Vessel Excise Tax was approved by voters in a statewide ballot initiative in 2006. The cruise industry sued the state, but a settlement reached in 2010 compelled the state Legislature and then-Gov. Sean Parnell to approve a reduction in the excise tax, among other things.

“(The CPV excise tax law) allows a city and borough to use the funds for port facilities, harbor infrastructure and other services provided to commercial passenger vessels and the passengers on board those vessels,” said Kris Curtis, the state’s legislative auditor.

In 2016, her office probed how some municipalities used their share of the state’s passenger fee. There was some questionable spending: Skagway bought playground equipment; Ketchikan’s borough invested in the airport; Sitka funded construction of its downtown Centennial Hall.

None of these things, the audit cautioned, were specifically tied to services for cruise passengers.

That same year, the cruise industry sued the City and Borough of Juneau over its local passenger fees. Juneau’s fees, approved in 1999, predate the state’s CPV tax and in many ways served as a model.

“What we were concerned about was that these fees had reached a level and were being applied to uses that far exceeded the direct benefit of the vessel’s operations,” said Jonathan Benner, Cruise Line International Association Alaska’s D.C.-based attorney for the lawsuit.

A federal judge agreed with many of the industry’s arguments.

Judge H. Russel Holland ruled on Dec. 6 that passenger fees should fund infrastructure that directly supports the ships.

For context, Judge Holland offers this example in his decision: “Whereas a gangplank used by passengers and the general public is a service to a vessel, sidewalk repairs and access to the public library’s internet, which passengers share with the general public, are unlikely to be a service to a vessel.”

In Benner’s words: “Things away from the vessel that don’t facilitate marine operations of the vessel would be outside of the permitted scope of Judge Holland’s ruling,” he said.

The City and Borough of Juneau has already spent $800,000 on its legal defense. City officials say they’re undecided whether they’ll appeal.

But the judge’s ruling, left to stand, could have implications wider than just Juneau. The state attorney general’s office said as much in a friend-of-the-court filing last year. For reasons never made clear, it rescinded its brief a day later but its legal arguments remain in the court file.

A crossing guard gives tourists directions on Sept. 18. The seasonal program is among services paid with passenger fees that’s being challenged by the lawsuit. (Photo by Jacob Resneck/CoastAlaska)

The attorney general’s office declined to comment other than a brief written statement.

“We are still reviewing the decision, so we don’t have anything we can discuss at this point,” Alaska Department of Law spokeswoman Cori Mills wrote. “Municipalities have their own legal counsel to consult on these issues.”

Curtis, who spent months auditing the state’s passenger fee fund, said the federal ruling is a potential game-changer. That’s because state law permits the fees to be improve passengers’ shoreside experience; the judge’s recent ruling says otherwise.

“It clarifies from a federal perspective how the funds can be used, regardless of how the state statute reads,” Curtis said in an interview. “And so, it should be providing guidance to all the communities.”

A cruise ship is docked at a downtown dock in Ketchikan in 2015. (Photo by Leila Kheiry/KRBD)

In a budget approved months before the December ruling, about a third of Skagway’s municipal revenue will be drawn from state passenger fees.

And Skagway isn’t alone. This year Ketchikan’s borough approved spending $2 million in state passenger fees on firefighters and EMS, public parks and bathrooms and the library — all services and facilities it argues are used by cruise ship visitors.

Will these be permitted going forward? The cruise industry’s attorney said his client wants to be a good partner.

“There are a lot of things that the industry and the municipalities and the state will agree are beneficial,” Benner said, “and they can come to agreement on those kinds of activities. They just have to sit down and talk to each other a little bit about them.”

That could give the industry some leverage over the budget priorities for port communities.

As the cruise industry booms, projections are that 2018’s record passenger fee revenue of $21.6 million will be topped in 2019 — giving local governments, auditors and lawyers that much more money to tussle over.

Marine highway employees tie up the Fairweather in Sitka Aug. 6, 2012. A federal lawsuit alleges the marine highway violates family medical leave rules. (Photo by Ed Schoenfeld/CoastAlaska News)

The U.S. Department of Labor alleges the Alaska Marine Highway System violates federal leave laws.

A civil suit filed in U.S. District Court alleges the ferry system miscalculates time off mandated by the Family and Medical Leave Act.

State officials deny that claim.

The act requires large employers to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave when a child is born, fostered or adopted. Terms also cover care for seriously ill family members – or the employees themselves.

The conflict surrounds what are called “rotational employees.” Those are ferry staffers who work for one to three weeks straight, then take the same amount of time off.

The federal complaint, filed Aug. 16, said the ferry system counts such time off as part of the 12 weeks leave required by federal law. It said that’s illegal.

U.S. Department of Labor attorneys in Anchorage and Seattle did not return calls for comment by this report’s deadline.

Cori Mills, with Alaska’s Department of Law, said the ferry system did nothing wrong.

“The state continues to assert its long-standing interpretation of the Family (and) Medical Leave Act, and will continue to support that in the court action,” she said.

She said the state is aware of the complaint, but has not been served with an official copy.

The complaint asks the court to order the state to follow the Labor Department’s interpretation of the rules.

It asks that any fired employee be reinstated and compensated for lost wages and benefits. It also calls for any worker who lost pay or leave time to have it restored.

The suit does not say how many employees have been affected or what jobs they held.